Wondering whether the effort and time needed for Think-Pair-Share (TPS) activities are worth it?  In this study, researchers found that TPS can increase the rate of hand raising as an important gateway to in-class participation compared to simply asking a question and waiting for the students to raise their hands to share thoughts or offer answers. They found this positive relationship only for TPS and not for Think-Share, suggesting that exchanging ideas with a partner is an essential condition to foster elaboration of ideas and confidence in sharing them in class. Here's a link to the article with this study: Think and pair before share: Effects of collaboration on students' in-class participation